Comparing the asthma control in overweight / obese and normal weight pediatric patients : A retrospective study in West Texas

Asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases in children, affecting 8-9% in the United States, and has a significant health impact. In 2013, 49.0% of school-age children with asthma missed one or more school days, a total of 13.8 million days of school per year, and in 2016, 16.7% had an emergency department or urgent care visit due to an asthma attack. Some studies show associations between obesity and asthma incidence; Beuther and Sutherland found a dose-dependent increase in the odds of asthma incidence in men and women with obesity. Moreover, a link between improved asthma symptoms and weight reduction has been reported. Lazarus et al found that ventilatory function decreased with increasing AbstrAct

proportions of body fat, 3 and Ekstrom et al found that overweight body mass indices (BMIs) and obese BMIs were associated with airway obstruction. 9e current prevalent view is that obesity is strongly associated with poor asthma control; the CDC advises on its factsheets, for example, that "obesity is associated significantly with the development of asthma, worsening asthma symptoms, and poor asthma control." 10 And indeed, studies have found that higher BMIs and obesity were associated with worse asthma control and quality of life. 11In this study, we examined our pediatric population at a university affiliated clinic in rural West Texas to see if a relationship between asthma control and obesity could be demonstrated in our patients.

Methods
Retrospective systematic chart reviews of pediatric patients who had been diagnosed with asthma at the Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at Categorical data were summarized as frequency (percentage).Age, BMI-for-age, and ACT did not have normal distributions and were summarized as medians with interquartile ranges (IQR).For group comparisons, Wilcoxon rank-sum tests for medians, and χ 2 or Fisher's exact tests for frequencies were used.Cohen's d was calculated as a standardized effect size estimate.The significance level was set at <0.05.

results
No statistically significant differences in age or gender was noted between the study groups.By definition, BMI-for-age percentile was significantly higher in the overweight/obese group (Table 1).
No statistically significant differences were found in asthma control based on ACT scores between overweight/obese patients and non-overweight/ obese patients based on our sample size (p = 0.34; n = 99; study power 17%).Asthma was well controlled in 63% of the overweight/obese patients and 72% of the non-overweight/obese patients (p = 0.358) (Table 2 and Figure 1).
No statistically significant difference was found in the asthma severity distribution between the two groups of overweight/obese and non-overweight/ obese for girls (p = 0.072) (Table 3).However, the  severity distribution did differ in boys with a higher percentage of overweight/obese boys having intermittent or mild persistent asthma.Asthma was well controlled in 57.9% of overweight/obese girls and 66.7% of overweight/obese boys compared to 72.0% and 71.4% of non-overweight/obese girls and boys, respectively (Table 3).

dIscussIon
We did not find statistically significant differences in asthma control, as measured with the ACT, between the overweight/obese children and the non-overweight/ obese children.While unexpected, this result is not without precedent since there is a lack of consensus in the literature.On the relationship between the development of asthma and obesity, Akinbami found that the trends of increasing obesity were not associated with trends of increasing asthma in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data for 40,644 children aged 2-19 during the years 1988 to 2014. 13ere also appears to be some uncertainty about the association between asthma severity and obesity.
Our study found a significant negative association between asthma severity and obesity in boys but not girls; other investigators have found improved asthma symptoms and ventilatory function with decreased BMIs. 3,7,8Others, however, found no relationship between asthma severity and BMI. 2,4,11Toennesen et al did not find that childhood obesity was a risk factor for increased airway hyperresponsiveness or higher fractional exhaled nitric oxide levels in adults. 14If obesity is associated with asthma severity, Ekstrom's study suggested that the airway obstruction was due to hyperresponsiveness and not due to airway inflammation, especially in boys.They found no association between BMI status and FE NO in either boys or girls.Overweight and obese girls had higher blood neutrophil counts, and obese girls had higher eosinophil counts.There was no association between an overweight or obesity status and blood neutrophil counts or eosinophil counts in boys. 9Ekstrom's finding of increased hyperresponsiveness, especially in boys, may be a potential explanation for our finding less asthma severity in overweight/obesity boys if these patients respond better to conventional asthma medications.
Our study did not find a significant relationship between adiposity and asthma control in either boys or girls.However, Kattan et al found an association of adiposity with poorer asthma control in girls, but they did not find the same association for boys in their study of inner-city adolescents. 15In contrast, Borrell et al found that worse asthma control was uniformly associated with increased BMIs in boys but not in girls.These investigators noted that the direction of association varied by race/ethnicity. 16 also considered whether or not medications might have had a role in our results since obesity also affects the efficacy of asthma medications.In particular, it appears that inhaled corticosteroids are less effective in obese and overweight groups than in normal weight groups.There was less effect whether beclomethasone, 17 fluticasone,or fluticasone and salmeterol were used. 18This appears to apply to children also since Forno found that overweight and obese children had decreased responses to inhaled budesonide compared to normal weight children. 19Asthma responses to leukotriene antagonists, however, do not seem to be affected, as responses to montelukast were not significantly different among obese, overweight, and normal weight groups. 17Interestingly, BMI may also have some impact on body's innate ability to modulate airway function ; Peters-Golden et al found that increased BMIs significantly decreased responses to placebo during controlled asthma trials. 17We do think that our study's lack of significant differences in asthma control between these two groups of children reflected different medication use in the two groups.In general, we manage all children according to national guidelines, including beta agonists for acute symptoms and inhaled steroids (beclomethasone and fluticasone), leukotriene inhibitors (montelukast), and combinations of inhaled steroids and leukotriene inhibitors for chronic symptoms.
Given the lack of consensus in the medical literature regarding the relationship of obesity with asthma incidence, asthma severity, and asthma control, we should consider the possibility that there is, in fact, no relationship between obesity and asthma in the children followed in this West Texas pediatrics clinic.We also need to consider the possibility that confounding variables, such as socioeconomic and environmental factors and medication compliance, contribute to an association between asthma and obesity and were not analyzed in this study.Also, the lack of statistical significance in our study may be due to the small sample size.Based on our results, we estimate that future studies will need at least 800 children to achieve an adequate statistical power.These children will need a comprehensive assessment to record all factors that affect asthma control.

Table 2 . Asthma control and severity between groups
IQR = interquartile range.P-values were calculated using Wilcoxon rank-sum test for medians, and χ 2 or Fisher's exact test for frequencies.

Table 3 . Asthma control and severity between male and female patients Overweight/Obese status
IQR = interquartile range.P-values were calculated using Wilcoxon rank-sum test for medians and χ 2 or Fisher's exact test for frequencies.